Platinum Palladium [pdf] -

Platinum and palladium are primarily found in nature as part of the PGM group, often associated with gold, nickel, or copper.

In nature, platinum and palladium often form a binary solid solution series . While they are naturally white metals, their relative scarcity varies; palladium is roughly 15 times rarer than platinum. 2. Comparative Physical and Chemical Properties

Platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd) are the most economically significant members of the Platinum Group Metals (PGMs), characterized by their extreme rarity, high melting points, and exceptional catalytic properties. These metals are considered "critical minerals" essential for economic growth and national security. 1. Geological Occurrence and Global Reserves

Approximately 90% of global production since 1900 has originated from South Africa and Russia. The Bushveld Complex in South Africa holds the world's largest reserves, estimated to contain enough PGM concentrations for several decades of production.