: A turning point where Ottoman expansion into Europe was definitively halted.
: The war was devastating for Germany, which lost up to one-third of its population due to combat, famine, and disease. III. The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
: Established that each ruler has the right to determine the religion of their state. : A turning point where Ottoman expansion into
The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) reached its peak under Suleiman the Magnificent but began to struggle against European coalitions like the "Holy League."
: Competition for control over trade routes and colonies. II. The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) The Peace of Westphalia (1648) : Established that
This was the first "all-European" war, involving most states of the continent. : The Habsburg Bloc : Austria and Spain (Catholic).
: Denmark, Sweden, France, the Netherlands, and Russia (joined via supply support). The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) This was the
: France and Sweden gained significant lands; the independence of the Netherlands and Switzerland was officially recognized.