41975mp4 Direct

: Unlike earlier systems that allowed carriers to avoid liability by proving they took "all necessary measures," MP4 established a system of strict liability . The carrier is liable for damage or loss to cargo regardless of fault, with only a few specific exceptions (such as inherent defect in the cargo or an act of war).

While MP4 was a major step forward, it was eventually superseded by the Montreal Convention of 1999 (MC99), which came into force on November 4, 2003. MC99 consolidated the various protocols (including MP4) into a single, unified treaty that currently governs most international flights today. 4. Relevance in Aviation Insurance 41975mp4

: It replaced the "Gold Clause" (SDRs) for calculating compensation, ensuring more stable and predictable financial recovery for cargo loss or damage. 3. Transition to the Montreal Convention (1999) : Unlike earlier systems that allowed carriers to